] Cells were maintained in 5% CO2 at 37 °C and tested to be free of mycoplasma (MycoAlert, Lonza).
GBM39 cells expressing luciferase were serially passaged in the flank of female J:NU mice (4‐5 weeks old, #0 0 7850, Jackson Laboratory). Tumors were dissociated using a gentleMACS tumor dissociation kit (Miltenyi Biotec) before in vitro culturing. Cells were cultured as recommended by the Mayo Clinic Brain Tumor Patient‐Derived Xenograft National Resource using the FBS cell culture protocol. Briefly, cells were cultured in DMEM containing 2.5% FBS, 100 U mL−1 penicillin, and 100 µg mL−1 streptomycin for 48 h, then media was exchanged to DMEM containing 10% FBS and antibiotics for at least 24 h before experimentation. Cells were dissociated and used in experiments, but not passaged serially. Assays were performed within 14 days of tumor dissociation.