Blood samples were obtained at the first and last study visits and stored at −80°C until determination. 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed by isotope dilution/online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (ID-XLC-MS/MS) at the Endocrine Laboratory of the Amsterdam University Medical Center (22 (link)). The limit of quantitation was 4.0 nmol/L; intra-assay CV was <6% and interassay CV was <8% for concentrations between 25 and 180 nmol/L. 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 were measured separately. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-6, and LL-37 concentrations were measured at the Leiden University Medical Center according to the manufacturer's instructions (CRP and IL-6: Meso Scale Diagnostics; LL-37: Hycult Biotech).