Nucleic acids were extracted from collected samples, and DNase was digested twice and checked to be DNA free using PCR. rRNA was removed using the Ribo-Zero bacterial kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA) and evaluated using an RNA HighSens kit (Experion, Hercules, CA). RNA was prepared for multiplexed Illumina RNA-seq (NEBNext Ultra RNA library prep kit for Illumina with NEBNext multiplex oligonucleotides; New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA) and sequenced on the HiSeqV4 SR100 platform (Campus Science Support Facilities GmbH, Vienna, Austria). Sequence data are available at the European Nucleotide Archive (ENA) under BioProject no. PRJEB13534. Published metatranscriptomic data sets from mice with detectable levels of Mucispirillum were downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information Short Read Archive database and quality filtered using Trimmomatic (89 (link)). Reads were mapped to the M. schaedleri genome using BWA (90 (link)) and analyzed with HTSeq (91 (link)).
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