CAFs were cultured under both normoxic (CAFs-N) and hypoxic (CAFs-H) conditions. Exosomes were purified from CAFs-N (CAFs-N-Exo) or CAFs-H (CAFs-H-Exo) via ultracentrifugation, as previously described (26 (link)). Exosomes were then resuspended and stored immediately at −80°C. For NTA, the size distribution of exosomes was determined using a ZetaView nanoparticle tracking analyzer (Particle Metrix). For transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the exosomes were fixed, loaded, and stained with 1% phosphotungstic acid. The morphology of the exosomes was then observed using a transmission electron microscope.
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