Cell cycle distribution including the pre-G1 fraction was determined from DNA histograms as described before [54 (link)]. Apoptosis was quantified from detection of active, cleaved caspase-3 by flow cytometry using an Alexa Fluor® 488-conjugated antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cell proliferation and the rate of DNA synthesis were determined by flow cytometry on AGS cells labelled with anti-BrdU antibody (AbD Serotec, Puchheim, Germany) and propidium iodide (PI, Sigma-Aldrich) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, cells were pulse labelled with 10 μM BrdU (Sigma-Aldrich) for 60 min, acid-treated and stained with an anti-BrdU and a secondary APC-conjugated antibody for determination of DNA synthesis and with 20 μg/ml PI for determination of total DNA content.
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