For EMSA, IRDye 700-labelled oligonucleotides containing a consensus NF-κB binding site (5′- AGTTGAGGGGACTTTCCCAGGC-3′; LI-COR Biosciences) were incubated with nuclear extracts according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Odyssey Infrared EMSA kit). Electrophoresis of the resultant products was carried out with 5% TBE gel (Bio-Rad). Native PAGE for analysis of IRF3 dimerization was performed as previously described64 (link). Immunoblotting was carried out using standard methods. An Odyssey Imaging System (Li-COR Biosciences) was used for visualization and signal (infrared fluorescence) intensity analysis.