Across all diagnostic groups, the inclusion criteria were adults age 18 or older who had been diagnosed with their medical condition at least three months prior to participation in the study. There were no restrictions on a minimum severity of disorder to qualify for participation, although the recruitment materials stated that the study was intended for individuals who felt that their ability to communicate had been affected by their medical condition. All participants needed to use speech for communication. Individuals could use augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) to supplement speech, but individuals who relied solely on AAC were not included out of concern that the relevance and appropriateness of the items in the CPIB have not yet been evaluated with AAC users. Individuals with laryngectomy could use any speech method. With regards to cognitive or linguistic function, instructions were included that the questionnaires were to be completed via self-report. While participants could receive assistance in the logistical aspects of filling out the questionnaires such as having items read to them or having someone mark their answers, the answers had to be the answers of the person with the communication disorder. If cognitive or language disorders prevented individuals from providing their own answers, the individual was excluded from the study. These issues were addressed in the screening process. There were no restrictions on treatment history although information about treatment history was collected for analysis in future studies. Participants were community-dwelling. Residents of skilled nursing facilities were not included because they are not likely engaged in the same communication situations as community-dwelling adults, and the items in the CPIB address community-based communication situations. The final inclusion criterion was English proficiency because the CPIB has not yet been translated into other languages.