A TMA of treatment-naive PDAC tumours was constructed from 1 mm punch biopsies of well-demarcated tumours from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks by a pathologist. An Aperio Scan-Scope XT Slide Scanner (Aperio Technologies) was used to acquire 20× images. A previously validated tumour-specific nuclear algorithm (IHC-MARK) was used to quantify protein expression.14 22 (link) Positive staining was normalised to total tissue surface area and the mean intensity or cellular density per cm2 was used to classify samples into high, mid and low cohorts and overall survival following PDAC resection compared (online supplementary figure S1).