Mouse retina cryosections (10 μm) were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and blocked with 10% normal goat serum. The sections were rinsed with PBS, permeabilized with 0.1% Triton X-100, and incubated over night with anti-p38 antibody (rabbit polyclonal, ab7952, Abcam; Cambridge, MA). The slides were rinsed with PBS, and incubated with the anti-rabbit-FITC conjugated secondary antibody (NL006; R&D systems; Minneapolis, MN) for 1 hour [26 (link)]. After rinsing the slides with PBS, the sections were mounted with DAPI-containing mounting media (Vector Laboratories; Burlingame, CA), and imaged with an Olympus BX-UCB fluorescent microscope (20X magnification). The fluorescence intensity was quantified by using ImageJ software (version 1.44; NIH). Cryosections processed under similar conditions, except being incubated with the primary antibody, served as controls.