We purchased the following cell lines from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC): HCT116 (CCL-247), U2OS (HTB-96), HEK293T (CRL-3216), and RPE1 (CRL-4000). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), which contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (General Electric ≥ Healthcare), 100 U/mL penicillin G (Life Technologies), and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Life Technologies). The patient-driven glioblastoma cell line GBL-67 and neural stem cell NSC-10 were established and maintained (35 (link)) and used in this study following the approval of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. H-1904-117-1028). These cells were cultured in DMEM, which contained 20% FBS (GE Healthcare), 100 U/mL penicillin G (Life Technologies), and 100 μg/mL streptomycin (Life Technologies) in a 5% hypoxia chamber.