Characteristics of 8 GBMs (GBM146, 157, 205, 206, 218, 1600, 2313, and 13) and 2 non-tumor human fetal brain specimens (f16w and 1105A) from aborted fetus were published previously (15 (link)–18 (link)). Methods for establishment of GBM sphere cultures and normal sphere cultures are published previously (16 (link), 18 (link)) and details are described in Supplementary Information. All the experiments were carried out with short-term cultures within 20 passages.