The pharmacologic properties and sequences of OPN-R3 aptamer (APT) and mutant aptamer (MuAPT) have been previously published.28 (link)Recombinant human OPN and TGF-β1 proteins (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN); αvβ3 integrin and CD44 Abs (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA); Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), Arg-Gly-Glu (RGE) (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO); SB431542 a TGF- β1 type I receptor inhibitor (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA); TGF-β1 type II receptor shRNA (Santa Cruz Biotechnology); MZF1 siRNA (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA); and Control siRNA81 (link): UAAGGCUAUGAAGAGAUAC were all obtained.