Baseline samples from two studies of depression and distress among adult type 2 diabetic patients were included. Study 1, our primary sample, used baseline data from the Distress and Depression in Diabetes Study (3D Study), a noninterventional, three-wave, 18-month study of the prevalence and persistence of DD and depressive symptoms among 506 adult type 2 diabetic patients (2 (link)). Data were collected between 2003 and 2006. Study 2 used baseline, preintervention data from the Reducing Distress and Enhancing Effective Management (REDEEM) Study, a randomized controlled trial designed to reduce DD and enhance management among 392 type 2 diabetic adults (12 ). These data were collected between 2008 and 2010. Patients in both studies were recruited using the diabetes registries of several Bay Area community-based medical groups and diabetes education centers.
Inclusion criteria for both studies were patients with type 2 diabetes for 12 months or more, age 21 years or older, read and speak English fluently, no severe diabetes complications, and no active psychosis, substance use, or dementia. Additional, more restrictive criteria for REDEEM Study patients included displaying a mean item score of 1.5 or higher on the DDS2 to indicate elevated DD, displaying a score of 15 or higher on the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 to exclude patients with clinical depression, and displaying a deficit in at least one of three areas of diabetes self-management (diet, physical activity, medication use). A modification of the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSCA) (13 (link)) was used to define a deficit as not following their diet or physical activity plan 3 or more days during the last week or not taking prescribed diabetes medications 2 or more days during the last week.
Inclusion criteria for both studies were patients with type 2 diabetes for 12 months or more, age 21 years or older, read and speak English fluently, no severe diabetes complications, and no active psychosis, substance use, or dementia. Additional, more restrictive criteria for REDEEM Study patients included displaying a mean item score of 1.5 or higher on the DDS2 to indicate elevated DD, displaying a score of 15 or higher on the Patient Health Questionnaire 8 to exclude patients with clinical depression, and displaying a deficit in at least one of three areas of diabetes self-management (diet, physical activity, medication use). A modification of the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities (SDSCA) (13 (link)) was used to define a deficit as not following their diet or physical activity plan 3 or more days during the last week or not taking prescribed diabetes medications 2 or more days during the last week.
