Maternal blood was collected by trained research staff at the 2nd trimester visit (12 – 34 weeks; n = 894), 3rd trimester visit (26 – 38 weeks; n = 745), and at birth (maternal n = 732; cord n = 515) and stored at −20°C. Mn was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) as previously described for Pb with the appropriate quality controls (20 (link)). In brief, blood was digested in HNO3 and 30% H2O2 and analyzed via ICP-MS/MS on an Agilent 8800 ICP Triple Quad (ICP-QQQ) instrument (Agilent technologies, Inc., Delaware, USA) with Indium as the internal standard. The quantitation limit of detection (LOD) was 0.02 – 0.08 μg/dL with no values below the LOD.