Pharmacological induction of ER stress and activation of the UPR was performed according to previously described methods21 (link),22 (link). Briefly, cells were treated with ALLN (calpain inhibitor I; 100 μM, Sigma-Aldrich, A6185) or tunicamycin (2.5 μg/ml, Sigma-Aldrich, T7765) for the time periods specified.
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