For the time-course experiments, IGEPAL® CA-630 (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MI, USA, CAS: 9002-93-1) was diluted into a TNE buffer to get 1, 0.2 and 0.08% v/v solutions. This detergent was selected for its non-denaturing properties and well-established protocol for inactivating human CoVs [50 (link)]. Ethanol (Ethanol absolute pure, PanReac AppliChem, CAS: 64-17-5) was mixed with TNE 10× buffer to get a TNE 1× 60% ethanol v/v buffer. Gradients were performed with Genie Syringe Pump (Kent Scientific, Torrington, CT, USA).
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