Meningioma cell lines were harvested and lysed with RIPA buffer (Thermo Scientific, USA) and halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (Thermo Scientific, USA). Equal amounts of denatured protein sample were separated by SDS-PAGE and were then transferred to PVDF membranes using Trans-Blot® Turbo™ Midi PVDF Transfer Packs (Bio-Rad, USA) for immunoblot analysis. We used antibodies to recognize PD-L1 (1:200 dilution, Cat# ab58810, Abcam, USA) [47 , 48 (link)], GAPDH (1:500 dilution, Cat# sc-32233, Santa Cruz, USA) as loading control. All protein bands were detected using Western Blotting Luminol Reagent (Cat# sc-2048, Santa Cruz, USA).
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