Cell culture medium (DMEM/F12), OPTI-MEM, Lipofectamine 2000 and TRIzol reagent were from Life Technologies (San Diego, CA, USA). Antibody against β-actin was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Mismatch RNA (mmRNA) was described previously [16 (link)]. Brf1 antibody was from Bethyl laboratories Inc (Montgomery, TX, USA). The sequences of primers and Brf1 siRNA were described in (Supplementary Table S3) [20 (link)]. Tumor stem cells of mouse liver (TSCML) were kindly provided by Dr. K. Machida at USC (University of Southern California). AML-12 cell line was from ATCC. HepG2-ADH cell line was kindly provided by Dr. D.L. Clemens (University of Nebraska). The animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the approved institutional animal care and use committee protocol at USC.
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