pcDNA3-VP40, pcDNA3-GP, p3E5E-Luc, pC-NP, pC-VP30, pC-VP35, and pC-L constructs were described previously [16 (link), 18–20 (link)]. pEYFP-C1 was purchased from Takara (Mountain View, CA). pEYFP-Ankfy1 was kindly provided by Marino Zerial (Max-Planck Institute, Dresden, Germany) and described previously [7 (link)]. pCMV-myc-LC3 (Addgene plasmid 24919) plasmid was kindly provided by Toren Finkel (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD).