Fecal pH and organic acids were assessed at V1, V2, and V3 using pH-indicator paper (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and validated LCMS, respectively (23 (link)). ELISA kits were used to analyze fecal biomarkers at V1, V2, and V3 including secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), calprotectin (Immundiagnostik AG, Bensheim, Germany) and alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) (BioVendor – Laboratorni medicina a.s., Brno, Czech Republic). Fecal cytokines were quantified as previously published (24 (link)), diluted 1:2 in Meso Scale Discovery diluent (MSD; Rockville, MD, United States), using V-Plex Plus kits and U-plex according to manufacturer’s instructions, and a QuickPlex SQ 120 Imager (MSD; Rockville, MD, United States). Total protein content in fecal extracts was quantified using Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Scientific) and used for cytokine level normalization.
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