Cultivation and Manipulation of E. coli and Streptomyces Strains

The bacterial strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. The E. coli strains were grown in Luria–Bertani (LB) broth medium. When required, antibiotics (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) were added to the cultures at the following concentrations: 75 μg mL⁻¹ ampicillin, 50 μg mL⁻¹ kanamycin, 50 or 120 μg mL⁻¹ hygromycin, and 50 μg mL⁻¹ apramycin (Carl Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). E. coli GB05-red [21 (link)] was employed in Red/ET recombineering experiments [22 (link)].
For conjugation, the Streptomyces albus J1074, del9 and del10 [19 (link)] strains were grown on oatmeal or mannitol soy (MS) agar [23 ] for sporulation.