Body weight (kg) was measured using an electric scale (Model Tanita® BC-418® or BF-689®, Tokyo, Japan) and height (cm) with a portable stadiometer (Seca® 216, Hamburg, Germany). BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2) [24 (link)]. WC (cm) was measured as the narrowest point between the lower costal border and the iliac crest using a metal tape measure (Lufkin W606PM®, Parsippany, NJ, USA) in accordance with the guidelines of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry [25 (link)]. BMI and TMI were calculated as weight (kg)/height (m2) and weight (kg)/height (m3), respectively, while the BMI z-score was estimated using the World Health Organization Growth Reference from 2007 [24 (link)]. For all anthropometric variables, a low technical error measurement was reported (less than 2%).
We determined body fat percentage (BF%) and FMI using bioelectrical impedance analyses (BIA) by whole-body impedance (Tanita Model BC-418®, Tokyo, Japan). Detailed information about the BIA technique has been provided in previous studies [26 (link),27 (link)]. The FMI was then calculated by dividing each subject’s fat mass (kg) by the cubed value of his/her height (m), as described in Burton [18 (link)].
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