Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of U.S. Healthcare

This study did not require institutional review board approval. We developed a state-transition model (Markov model) by using established modeling software (TreeAge Pro 2020, TreeAge Software, Williamstown, MA, United States). Our study was conducted from the perspective of the U.S. health care sector, and all costs were measured in United States dollars (USD) (24 (link)). Recommendations on discounting costs and outcomes at a discount rate of 3% were followed (25 (link)). Based on the WHO-CHOICE recommendations, the willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds were set at 1× the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita to indicate high cost-effectiveness and at 3× the GDP per capita to indicate cost-effectiveness (26 (link)). Based on 2021 data from the World Bank, the thresholds for the U.S. were $70,249 and $210,746 (27 ).