1a. Anthropometrics Participants are examined with measurements of height (cm) with their legs together looking straight ahead, in indoor clothing without shoes and hats. Weight (kg) is measured on a calibrated balance beam or digital scale. To measure hip circumference (cm), the individuals stand erect with arms at the sides, feet together, when the maximum circumference over the buttocks are measured. Waist (cm) is measured midway between the lowest rib margin and the iliac crest. Resting blood pressure (mmHg) and heart rate (beats/min) is measured as a mean of two readings in the supine position after 10 min rest by use of an automatic device (Omron).
1b. Blood samples These are drawn during the first day visit. In total, nine test tubes are filled with a total of 50 ml. Participants are instructed to be fasting since 10 p.m. the previous day but allowed to drink water. Fasting blood samples are analysed for lipids, glucose and creatinine at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Malmö. In addition, aliquots of blood, serum and plasma, as well as buffy coat from EDTA-blood for DNA extraction, are stored in − 80 °C in a local biobank (BD47), run by the Region Skåne County Council. Later on, the protocol was changed so that also whole blood samples are sent to the Department of Clinical Chemistry and further stored in the biobank, details about the analysis performed the Department of Clinical Chemistry are described in Supplementary Table S1. We aim to have full genome-wide (GWAS) genetic data on all MOS participants, as is already the case for the first generation (GI) in the MDCS.
1c. Cardiovascular and pulmonary phenotyping For arterial characterization, seven different methods are used (listed in Table1 ). These include ultrasound of the arteria carotis (Logiq E9, GE Healthcare), and the assessment of arterial stiffness with pulse wave velocity (PWV), as well as pulse wave analysis (PWA), by use of Sphygmocor® (AtCor, Australia). In addition, we evaluate peripheral finger blood flow by EndoPat® (Itamar, Israel). The ankle-brachial index is measured by Doppler (Hadeco Bidop ES 100V3). In G2, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure is measured and by indirect methods, also central blood pressure and arterial stiffness are calculated (24-h Arteriograph®). Cardiac size and function is assessed by performing echocardiography (Vivid 7, GE Healthcare) and 24-h Holter ECG in a sub-sample of both G2 and G3.
1e. Skin autofluorescence Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products is measured by the AGE Reader® (DiagnOptics Technologies, Groningen, Netherlands).
For detailed information about each technical method, see “Appendix1 ”.
1b. Blood samples These are drawn during the first day visit. In total, nine test tubes are filled with a total of 50 ml. Participants are instructed to be fasting since 10 p.m. the previous day but allowed to drink water. Fasting blood samples are analysed for lipids, glucose and creatinine at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Malmö. In addition, aliquots of blood, serum and plasma, as well as buffy coat from EDTA-blood for DNA extraction, are stored in − 80 °C in a local biobank (BD47), run by the Region Skåne County Council. Later on, the protocol was changed so that also whole blood samples are sent to the Department of Clinical Chemistry and further stored in the biobank, details about the analysis performed the Department of Clinical Chemistry are described in Supplementary Table S1. We aim to have full genome-wide (GWAS) genetic data on all MOS participants, as is already the case for the first generation (GI) in the MDCS.
1c. Cardiovascular and pulmonary phenotyping For arterial characterization, seven different methods are used (listed in Table
Cardiovascular, hemodynamic and metabolic phenotyping in MOS (for details see “Appendix”)
| Method | Device | Examined |
|---|---|---|
| Ultrasound of the carotid arteries | Logiq E9 (GE Healthcare) | G2 |
| Pulse wave velocity (PWV) | Sphygmocor (AtCor, Australia) | G2 & G3 |
| Pulse wave analysis (PWA) | Sphygmocor (AtCor, Australia) | G2 & G3 |
| Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) | Sphygmomanometer and pen Doppler Hadeco Bidop ES-100V3 | G2 & G3 |
| Endothelial function | EndoPat (Itamar, Israel) | G2 |
| Skin Auto fluorescence of Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products | AGE Reader (DiagnOptics, The Netherlands) | G2 & G3 |
| Ambulatory blood pressure and arterial stiffness | TensioMed Arteriograph 24 (TensioMed Ltd, Hungary) | G2 |
| Echocardiography | GE Vingmed Vivid 7 Ultrasound (GE, Vingmed Ultrasound, Horten, Norway) | G2 |
*G2, generation 2; G3, generation 3
1e. Skin autofluorescence Advanced Glycation End (AGE) products is measured by the AGE Reader® (DiagnOptics Technologies, Groningen, Netherlands).
For detailed information about each technical method, see “Appendix
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