To evaluate the optokinetic response, a computer-based visual acuity response test (OptoMotry 1.7.7, Cerebral Mechanics) was used in all cohorts of mice. Briefly, mice were tested for visual acuity by observing their optokinetic responses to rotating sinusoidal gratings (65 (link), 66 (link)). Mice were placed on a platform at the center of a virtual reality chamber composed of four monitors that display sine wave gratings rotating at 12°/s. Mice were monitored through a video camera, which was continuously recentered on the head of the animal, and the presence or absence of the optokinetic reflex was recorded. At the beginning, mice were allowed to settle on the platform for 3 to 5 min. To assess visual acuity, initially, the grating began at a 100% contrast with spatial frequency of 0.05 cycles/deg for both directions of rotation, which gradually increased until head turning was no longer observed. Spatial frequency threshold, a measure of visual acuity, was determined automatically with the Opto-kinetic tracking (OKT) software.