The studies were approved by the Northwestern University Institutional Review Board, and all donors gave informed written consent. RA and normal synovial tissue fibroblasts were isolated from fresh synovial tissues by mincing and digesting in a solutionof dispase, collagenase, and DNase (20 (link), 21 (link)). Cells were used between passages 3–9. RA and normal synovial tissue fibroblasts were treated with IL-17 for 0–8h for mRNA studies and cell supernatants were harvested after 24h for protein studies. Monocytes were separated from buffy coats (Lifesource, Chicago, IL) obtained from healthy donors. Mononuclear cells, isolated by Histopaque (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) gradient centrifugation, were separated by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation. Monocytes were used for chemotaxis or allowed to differentiate to macrophages as previously described (22 (link), 23 (link)). Macrophages were treated for 0–8h for mRNA studies and 24h for protein studies.