Comprehensive Health Assessment Protocol

Health factors included cardiovascular (CVD) disease, non-CVD disease, general health, eye disease, eyesight, and hearing. The variable of cardiovascular disease measured self-reported doctor-diagnosed heart condition that was divided into 9 groups (i.e., high blood pressure or hypertension, Angina, high cholesterol). Self-reported doctor-diagnosed chronic diseases were defined as non-CVD diseases and were classified into 7 groups (i.e., Parkinson’s disease, cancer or a malignant tumor, Asthma). The variable of general health indicated the participant’s self-response to the question ‘‘How is your health in general?”. Their response was divided into five-point scales (ranging from ‘‘poor” to ‘‘excellent”). Self-reported hearing measured the participant’s level of hearing and similar to the general health it was divided into five-point scales (ranging from ‘‘poor” to ‘‘excellent”). Self-rated eyesight was assessed by asking participants the three types of questions “Is your eyesight (using glasses or corrective lenses; if you use them) excellent/very good/good/fair/ or poor”, “How good is your eyesight for seeing things at a distance, like recognizing a friend across the street”, and “How good is your eyesight for seeing things up close, like reading ordinary newspaper print’. Their Responses were divided into five-point scales (ranging from ‘‘poor” to ‘‘excellent”). Finally, self-reported doctor-diagnosed eye condition was defined by the variable of eyesight which was divided into 4 groups (i.e., Glaucoma or suspected glaucoma, diabetic eye disease, macular degeneration)