Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection was performed using the ROS detection kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Cell suspensions were collected and stained with the ROS probe 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) as previously described.21 (link) Following 20 min of incubation, cells were centrifuged at 300 x g, washed with PBS and resuspended. Finally, the relative ROS levels were measured by flow cytometry (BD Biosciences), and the data were analyzed using FlowJo 10.0 software (FlowJo LLC).