Metabolic Trait Measurements in Cohort

Data on baseline characteristics, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and smoking status, were collected. Total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels were measured using colorimetric assays (Hitachi LST008, Automatic Clinical Chemistry Analyzer, Hitachi, Naka, Japan). Non-HDL and remnant cholesterol levels were calculated by subtracting HDL from total cholesterol levels and by subtracting HDL and LDL from total cholesterol levels, respectively [45 (link)]. The definition of metabolic syndrome is shown in the Supplementary Materials, and other metabolic traits are shown in Supplementary Table S7 and as previously reported [41 (link),42 (link)].