Rats received one-time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg) (STZ, Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) to develop type 1 diabetes14 (link). STZ was dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5). One Touch Ultra Glucose meter was used to measured blood glucose 7 days following STZ injection (Roche, USA). Diabetic rats were defined as rats with glucose levels equal to or more than 20 mmol/L. Rats that did not meet the criteria were excluded.
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