Thalidomide (Selleck Chemicals, Houston, TX, USA catalog S1193, 25 mg/kg), TAPI-0 (TNF-α Protease Inhibitor-0, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA catalog sc-203410, 1 mg/kg) or tea polyphenols (Abcam, Cambridge, UK, catalog ab141940, 25 mg/kg) were intraperitoneally injected two times, once 24 h before S-DEP and once 30 min before S-DEP. Equal volume of saline was injected as control. Purity of tea polyphenols, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, was over 95%. Tea polyphenols comprise four major epicatechin derivatives; epicatechin [8 (link)], epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate.