All reagents used in the synthesis and experimental processes were not further purified. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3), lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and titanium dioxide (TiO2, Rutile) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ruthenium oxide (RuO2) was from Acros. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) and the ammonium ion standard solution (1000 μg/mL) were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China).
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