Total RNA was extracted from the frozen tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen) and a quantitative real-time PCR was performed using a StepOnePlus Real-time PCR System and the StepOne Software program (Applied Biosystems), as described previously9 (link),55 (link). The real-time PCR protocol consisted of one cycle at 95 °C for 20 s followed by 40 cycles at 95 °C for 1 s and 60 °C for 20 s using the primers for UCP1 (Mm01244861_m1; Applied Biosystems). The transcriptional levels were determined using the ΔΔCt method with normalization to GAPDH (Mm99999915_g1; Applied Biosystems).
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