Samples were collected from 2 mL culture samples after centrifugation of the samples (14,000 rpm for 5  min at 4°C) and filtering of the supernatant using Nylon syringe filters of 0.22 µm. Samples were measured by HPLC through an Alliance Waters HPLC equipped with an Aminex HPX-87H column (7.8 mm × 300 mm). The mobile phase was H2SO4 (25 mM), the column temperature was 75°C, and the eluent flow rate was 0.7 mL min−1. Instrument linearity was evaluated with each of the compounds (obtained from Sigma-Aldrich; ReagentPlus, 99%) in the concentration range of 0.8–90 mM.
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