Human Huh7 (Health Science Research Resources Bank JCRB0403), mouse Hepa-1 (ATCC CRL-1830) and human 293T (ATCC CRL-3216) were maintained as described previously (37 (link), 41 (link)). For ACD treatment, exponentially growing cells were treated with 500 ng/ml ACD for 0, 30 and 60 min. Standard methods were used for RNA and protein isolation, cDNA synthesis, qPCR, WB, transient transfection, and luciferase reporter assay (42 (link), 43 (link)). Experiments were done in triplicate from three independent experiments.