To observe cell apoptosis visually, cells (5 × 104 per well) underwent different treatments were seeded into 6-well plates and stained with Hoechst 33258 solution (Beyotime Company, Shanghai, China) for 5 min. Hoechst 33258 penetrates the plasma membrane and stains DNA blue fluorescent, thereby being used to observe the morphological changes of apoptosis [28 (link), 29 (link)]. The fluorescence microscope was used to observe the morphological changes of cell nuclei.
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