The subjects were enrolled form the outpatient department of Tri-Service General Hospital between January 2018 and October 2019. All study subjects were anonymous, and informed consent was obtained prior to participation. The study proposal was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board of Tri-Service General Hospital
It is a single-arm, open, observational study. The subjects with documented T2D diagnosis longer than 3 months with aged from 40 to 80 with HbA1C levels between 7.0% to 11.0% under treatment of premixed insulin, NovoMix® 30 (30% insulin aspart and 70% insulin aspart protamine) with or without combination with metformin were enrolled into the study. The patients with Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) > 3 times normal, and estimated GFR < 30mL/minute/1.73m2, or major systemic disease were excluded from the study.
After enrollment, patients were scheduled for laboratory tests and insertion of CGMS after an 8 to 10 hours NPO. Patients were kept treating with premixed insulin for another week during CGMS insertion by experienced staff. After 1 week, antidiabetic regimen was changed to insulin glargine with an initial dose 40% to 50% of the previous total daily dose of premixed insulin. At the same time liraglutide was also started with an initial dose of 0.6 mg/day with subsequent up-titration to 1.2 mg/day after 1 week, if well tolerated. Repaglinide 1 to 2 mg 3 times per day were prescribed to reach the goal of postprandial glucose level < 180 mg/dL. Insulin glargine dose was regularly up-titrated at weekly interval according to fasting plasma glucose to reach goal of 90 to 130 mg/dL or reaching insulin dose of 50% of patient’s weight. After a total treatment duration of 12 weeks, another CGMS procedure were performed again The glycemic index, clinical cardiovascular risk profiles, safety issues (body weight and hypoglycemia), and GV indices from CGMS before and after 3 months treatment modification was evaluated.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg)/height (m2). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured in the right arm of seated individuals by using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer.
It is a single-arm, open, observational study. The subjects with documented T2D diagnosis longer than 3 months with aged from 40 to 80 with HbA1C levels between 7.0% to 11.0% under treatment of premixed insulin, NovoMix® 30 (30% insulin aspart and 70% insulin aspart protamine) with or without combination with metformin were enrolled into the study. The patients with Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST) > 3 times normal, and estimated GFR < 30mL/minute/1.73m2, or major systemic disease were excluded from the study.
After enrollment, patients were scheduled for laboratory tests and insertion of CGMS after an 8 to 10 hours NPO. Patients were kept treating with premixed insulin for another week during CGMS insertion by experienced staff. After 1 week, antidiabetic regimen was changed to insulin glargine with an initial dose 40% to 50% of the previous total daily dose of premixed insulin. At the same time liraglutide was also started with an initial dose of 0.6 mg/day with subsequent up-titration to 1.2 mg/day after 1 week, if well tolerated. Repaglinide 1 to 2 mg 3 times per day were prescribed to reach the goal of postprandial glucose level < 180 mg/dL. Insulin glargine dose was regularly up-titrated at weekly interval according to fasting plasma glucose to reach goal of 90 to 130 mg/dL or reaching insulin dose of 50% of patient’s weight. After a total treatment duration of 12 weeks, another CGMS procedure were performed again The glycemic index, clinical cardiovascular risk profiles, safety issues (body weight and hypoglycemia), and GV indices from CGMS before and after 3 months treatment modification was evaluated.
Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg)/height (m2). Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured in the right arm of seated individuals by using a standard mercury sphygmomanometer.
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