Bacterial cells were grown in defined medium as above for 24 and 48 h. Cultures were centrifuged and bacterial pellets were resuspended in 1× PBS and corrected to an optical density measured at 600 nm (OD600) of 1.0. Bone marrow was isolated from C57BL/6 mice and grown in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (PreProTech) for 7 d. Once matured, the BMDCs were scraped and plated in 96-well plates and allowed to adhere. After at least 3 h, BMDCs were treated with whole bacterial cells overnight. Additionally, BMDCs were treated with pure capsule preparation overnight and then, the following morning, were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1.5 h. TNF-α production was detected using ELISAs (ThermoFisher) as described previously (16 (link)).