For in vitro secretion, ORFs of XC2081 (avrBs1), XC3176, and XC3002 (hpa1) were cloned into a host-broad plasmid pJXG containing a 3×FLAG-encoding sequence [18 (link)], respectively. Bacteria of Xcc were cultured in rich NYG medium overnight and were transferred into hrp-inducing medium MMX at same cell density for 8 h. The total cell extracts and cultural supernatants were isolated as described previously [31 (link)]. Equal amounts of total cell extract and cultural supernatants were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by immunoblotting, using anti-Flag-tag rabbit monoclonal antibody (1/1000, Sigma). Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) (1/1000, Pierce) was used as secondary antibody. To ensure that no bacterial lysis had occurred, the protein blots were routinely probed with a rabbit monoclonal antibody specific for β subunit of E. coli RNA polymerase (RNPβ, 1/1000, Abcam, ab12087). Reactions were visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence. All experiments were repeated at least twice.
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