Using the operating microscope (Leica A60), metastatic tumors in the brain were isolated from the tumor-bearing mice. Brain tissues isolated from normal mice were used as controls. Activity of NE in tumor and normal brain tissues were measured by using a SensoLyte® Green Elastase Assay Kit (#AS-72178, AnaSpec, CA). For characterization of CXCR4, Western Blot analysis was performed according to the standard procedures as previously described [25 (link)]. Antibodies used in this study included anti-CXCR4 (#NB100–74396, Novus), HRP anti-rabbit IgG (#656120, invitrogen), beta-actin (c643802, BioLegend), and HRP anti-mouse IgG (AP307P, Sigma-Aldrich).