Eight-week in vivo implants were fixed in formalin and stored in PBS. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) data were acquired from the implants using a phoenix nanotom m scanner (General Electric) with 0.5-mm aluminum filtered x-rays (applied voltage 70 kV; current 260 mA). Transmission images were acquired during a 360° scan rotation with an incremental rotation step size of 0.25°. Reconstruction was performed using a modified Feldkamp algorithm at an isotropic voxel size of 25 µm. Threshold-based segmentation and 3D measurement analyses (bone mineral density and volume) were performed using ImageJ software54 (link) with the BoneJ55 (link) and 3D Shape56 (link) extensions. For quantification of bone mineral density and volume, all data were normalized to the size of each construct. Three-dimensional rendering of the structures was performed using VGStudio MAX 2.2 software (Volume Graphics).