1-(3-Aminopropyl)silatrane (APS)-functionalized mica was used as the AFM substrate for all experiments.27 (link) Briefly, freshly cleaved mica was incubated in 4 mL APS (167 μM) in a cuvette for 30 min and then rinsed with double-distilled water (ddH2O) thoroughly, as described in ref 26 (link). Ten microliters of the sample were deposited onto the APS mica for 2 min, rinsed with ddH2O, and dried with a gentle Argon gas flow. Images were acquired using tapping mode in the air on a MultiMode 8, Nanoscope V system (Bruker, Santa Barbara, CA) using TESPA probes (320 kHz nominal frequency and a 42 N/m spring constant) from the same vendor.