The native surface of the NPN-O membranes was first deposited with NHS-Diazirine through vacuum phase reaction[45 (link)] and further grafted with PEG1000 (#B22134, Alpha Aesar, MA, USA) largely as described previously.[22 (link)] The PEG reaction temperature (75 °C) was increased for the 5.4 mm × 5.4 mm chips, because it was found that the high temperature increased the solubility of the PEG and helped the reaction on the NPN surface.