Before surgery or any treatment, 5 mL of blood were collected from each patient and placed in an S-Monovette® 9 mL, Serum Gel with Clotting Activator tube (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany). RNA was extracted from the serum samples using the miRNeasy® Serum/Plasma Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), according to the manufacturer’s instructions, as previously described [19 (link)]. RNA was extracted from the stool samples with a Stool Total RNA Purification Kit (Norgen Biotek Corp.), as described by Tarallo et al. [86 (link)].
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