Participants were drawn from an ongoing project investigating the anatomical basis of psycholinguistic deficits in post-acute aphasia. Results from this project and some of these participants have been reported in several previous publications17 (link),18 (link),32 (link),34 (link),54 (link),58 (link). In particular, the original demonstration that semantic errors in naming localize to the left ATL was based on 64 patients from the current group of 9917 (link),18 (link). To be included in this study, participants had to be at least 1 month post-onset of aphasia secondary to stroke, living at home, medically stable without major psychiatric or neurological co-morbidities, and have been premorbidly right handed. Participants were also required to have English as primary language, adequate vision and hearing (with or without correction) and CT or MRI confirmed left hemisphere cortical lesion. Only participants who had completed all 17 tests were included in this study. All participants gave informed consent to take part in a multisession language assessment under protocols approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the Albert Einstein Medical Center and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. The sample consisted of 43 women and 56 men, 48 African-Americans and 51 Caucasians. They averaged 58 years of age (SD = 11; range = 26–79), 14 years of education (SD = 3; range = 10–21), and 53 months post onset of stroke (SD = 68; range = 1–381). 83% were in the chronic phase (> 6 mo.) The predominant subtype diagnosis was anomic aphasia (44%), followed by Broca’s aphasia (27%) and conduction aphasia (16%). The Aphasia Quotient, which rates overall severity on a scale from 1 (most severe) to 100, averaged 73 (SD = 18.4; range = 27.2–97.9).