Subconfluent cells were treated with various conditions for 48h. Total RNA was isolated by using the NucleoZOL reagent (Takara Bio USA Inc.), and subjected to reverse transcription (RT) reactions as previously described [63 (link)–66 (link)]. The RT cDNA products were used as PCR templates. The primers for the genes of interest were designed by using Primer3 Plus program (Supplementary Table 1). TqPCR reactions were carried out by using SYBR Green-based Forget-Me-Not™ qPCR Master Mix (Biotium Inc., Hayward, CA) on a CFX-Connect unit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) as described [67 (link)–70 (link)]. Relative gene expression was normalized to GAPDH by using the 2−∆∆Ct method. All qPCR reactions were done in triplicate.
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