Height (Stadiometer: 216 Accu-Hite Measuring Device, Seca North America, Chino CA), weight (SECA 1360 Wireless scale) were measured. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm at the narrowest place between the lowest rib and the iliac crest at the end of normal exhalation with a spring loaded, inelastic measuring tape (18 (link)). Body fat percentage was measured using air displacement plethysmography in the BODPOD (COSMED USA Inc., Concord CA). Fat mass index (FMI) was calculated as total body fat weight/height2 and fat free mass index (FFMI) as total nonfat weight/height2.