ELISA kits were used to quantify the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, and p-NF-kB, according to manufacturer’s instructions. Then 2,500 µL of PBS was added to 50 mg of brain tissue and a small quantity of PMSF was also added to the solution as a protease inhibitor.56 (link) The mixture was first homogenized at 15,000 rpm and then centrifuged at 4,000x g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was collected. BCA method (Elabscience) was used to calculate the protein concentration in the supernatant of each group and an equal quantity of protein was loaded to quantify protein concentrations of TNF-α, COX-2, and p-NF-kB using an ELISA plate reader (BioTek EL×808). The protein concentration obtained (pg/mL) was then normalized to the total protein content (pg/mg total proteins).