Cell proliferation was determined with a WST-8 kit (Dojindo, Japan). Motility was determined by wound healing assays (16 (link)). In vitro angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis were determined by tube formation assays as previously described (17 (link),18 (link)). QPCR, and western blotting were carried out essentially as described previously (10 (link)). Lipids were extracted and sphingolipids quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) (10 (link),19 (link)). Cells were fixed for 5 min in 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline and blocked by horse serum, and immunocytochemistry was performed using the following primary antibodies: anti-ABCB1 (C219, Abcam, UK), anti-ABCC1 (MRPr1, Monosan, The Netherlands), and anti-SphK1 phospho-Ser225 (ECM Biosciences). The specificities of anti-ABCC1 and anti-SphK1 antibodies and anti-phospho-SphK1 specific antibody, phospho-Ser225, were previously confirmed using siRNA knockdown (10 (link),20 ). After incubation with biotinylated secondary antibodies, antigens were visualized with 3,30-diaminobenzidine (Dako, Denmark) and cells counterstained with hematoxylin.