As described previously (35 (link)), for ex vivo quantification of cytokine secretion, isolated lamina propria lymphocytes were washed with complete tissue culture media (RPMI, 10% FBS, 1% glutamine, and 1% 1:1 penicillin/streptomycin) and cultured in 1 mL of the same media in 24-well plates for 24 h at 37 °C, 5% carbon dioxide. The resulting supernatants were used to determine the amount of each cytokine using murine-specific ELISA kits (BD Biosciences) and a cytometrix bead array (CBA) flex set (BD Biosciences) relative to a standard curve according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.